英语议论文的格式

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    一、英语议论文写作要点

    议论文通过议论或说理来表达作者见解和主张。作者对某一问题持有一种看法,为了使读

    者同意自己的看法,提出若干理由,企图说服他人。高中英语议论文的写作要注意以下要点:

    1。论点要鲜明、确切.一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点.论点一般在开头提出,然后加以论证.

    2。论据要充分、可靠.一般是以事实为论据,也可以利用,,作为论据.

    3。论证要严密、得法.归纳法(induction)和演绎法(deduction)是议论文常用的论证方法.归纳法的例子为基础,从几个例子和现象中,归纳出某种道理和看法.例如:报纸是一种媒体(medium),人们可以从中得到现代信息;电视是一种媒体,人们也可以从中获得信息;广播也是媒体,人们同样可以从中获得现代信息.因此我们可以得出结论,其他媒体,如网络等,一定会给人们信息.演绎法以一个或多个看法为基础,从一般论断,演绎到不同事例,再加以论述,最后再回到一般论断上来.例如:所有的媒体都可以给人们提供信息,网络是媒体,因此人们可以从网络中获得信息.在归纳中要注意使用的例子要充分,不能以点概面.如:(课本高二上p81):

    iborrowedabookfromthelibrarylastweek。itwasveryboringanddifficult。ireadonlytenpages。therefore,ithinkthatalllibrarybooksareuseless。

    评注:itdoesnothavealogicalargument。thewriterdislikeonelibrarybook,butnotalllibrarybooksarethesame。thewritershouldnotmakeageneralstatement(alllibrarybooksareuseless)basedonhisreactionstoonesinglebook。

    二、议论文的写作步骤:

    1。引言(introduction).由于英语受时间,字数的限制.因此,在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题,并明白地亮出自己的观点,如提倡什么,支援什么,反对什么.

    2。主体段(mainbody).主体段是议论的过程,作者必须有足够的证据.(adequateproofs)来论证自己的观点.一般可提出一个或两个proofs,并对此用一两句话分别进行阐述.

    3。结论(conclusion).结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章.同时要注意与引言段呼应,但不能照搬前面的原话.

    例:课本高二上p78第一封信

    tutorialcenterishelpful。

    ihavestudiedatatutorialcenterfortwoyears。mycommandofenglishhasimprovedconsiderablysinceistartedthiscourse。

    atmycenter,thefeesarereasonable。mytutorsarequalifiedteachers。ihavebeenhelpedalotbythem。theyaresincereandkind。

    oneofmyteacherswasbritish。atfirst,icouldnotsayanythingtoher。butlaterilearnedhowtocommunicateinenglishwithawesterner。

    ithinkthatthetutorialcenterhasgivenmealotofconfidenceinusingenglish。

    评注:第一段提出论点,体现家教中心是helpful(段划线部分),主体段分别从几个方面(划线部分)来阐述家教中心的确有帮助,结论段重申家教中心的作用(划线部分),且语句表达与第一段中的不重复。

    三、议论文的写作模式

    1。议论文的类型

    英语议论文根据命题特点,从形式上来看可分为如下类型:

    1“一分为二”的观点.如“轿车大量进入家庭后,对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”

    2“两者选一”的观点.如,期中考试题,“乘火车还是乘飞机”

    3“我认为”型.如“你对课外阅读的看法”

    4“怎样(howto)”型.如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”.

    5图表作文.通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法.

    按照高二上学期的写作要求,学生主要应掌握12两种类型的议论文的写作.在第1种类型中命题涉及某一事物或现象的正反两个方面:通过正反两个方面的对比,得出结论是利大于弊,还是弊大于利.论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开,若利大于弊,则有利的一面要多阐述一点.反之亦然.

    在第2种类型中,命题要求在a或b两者之间作一比较或选择,两个对象往往各有优势,所以结论部分有两种情况:

    a。要么支持a,要么支持b;

    b。a、b优势均难的割舍,只好依情况而定在结论部分说清楚在什么条件选a,在什么条件选b.

    下面重点介绍第1、2种类型议论文的写作模式。

    2。“一分为二”观点的议论文模式

    introduction

    第1段:nowadaysmoreandmorepeople.../...playsanimportantpartin...。likeeverythingelse, ...has/havebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects/bothadvantagesanddisadvantages。generally,thefavorableaspects/advantagescanbelistedasfollows。

    mainbody

    第2段:firstly,。。secondly,…inaddition/what’smore…

    第3段:everycoinhastwosides。thenegativeaspects/disadvantagesarealsoapparent/obvious。tobeginwith…;tomakemattersworse…;worseofall…

    conclusion

    第4段:th肉ghaboveanalysis/allthingsconsidered,wecanseethatthepositiveaspects/advantagesoutweighthenegativeones/disadvantages。therefore…

    例文1。看电视的利与弊advantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingtv

    nowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchtv。sotvplaysaveryimportantpartinourlife。butwatchingtvhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages。generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows。

    firstly,youcanexpandyourknowledgebywatchingtv。asweallknow,learningthingsbytvismuchfasterthanbylisteningtotheradioorjustbyreadingbooks。forithascolorfulpicturesaswellaswonderfulmusic。

    secondly,youmayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowsuchasfamoussingers,superstars,scientistsandsoon。

    what’smore,youcangoeverywherebytravelingprograms。let’ssuppose,ifyouliketravelingverymuch,butyouhavetoworkonweedsorholidays,youmustbeverysad。andnowopenyourtvandit’lltakeyoutoanywhere。

    everycoinhastwosides。thedisadvantagesarealsoobvious。forexample,watchingtoomuchtvcaneasilybecomeshort-sighted,especiallyforchildrenandstudents。tomakemattersworse,someyoungstudentsarekeenonwatchingtvsothattheygiveuptheirstudiesgradually。

    th肉ghaboveanalysis,ithinkwatchingtvisawayofstudying,itisgoodforustowatchtv。butwhenwewatchtv,weshouldmakeaplanotherwisewatchingtvwilldestroyourlife。

    例文2。谈谈出国留学的利与弊wheretoattendacollege

    nowadaysmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearegoingtostudyabroad。likeeverythingelse,studyingabroadhasbothfavorableandunfavorableaspects。generally,thefavorableaspectscanbelistedasfollows。

    firstly,theythinkbyattendingacollegeinaforeigncountrytheycanlearnnotonlyusefulknowledge,butalsothecultureandcustomsofothernations。secondly,theycantakeadvantageofthisopportunitytogainagoodcommandoftheforeignlanguagetheyarelearningveryquickly。moreover,theycanmeetdifferentpeopleandexperiencedifferentcultures,whichmayhelptobroadentheirviews。

    everycoinhastwosides。thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent。thecostsaremuchhigherthanthoseintheirnativecountry。mostoverseasstudentshavetoworkforaliving,whichcan’tallowthemtopayalltheirattentiontostudy。what’smore,theymayfeelverylonely。

    th肉ghaboveanalysis,wecanseethatthepositiveaspectsoutweighthenegativeones。therefore,iaminfavorofgoingabroadtostudy。

    写作练习:

    1谈谈校服(schooluniforms)。

    提示:近年来,越来越多的中小学要求穿校服.对此引发了学生中由对这个问题的讨论,请写一片英语短文阐述你的观点.

    reference:someofthemainargumentsforandagainstschooluniforms。

    foragainst

    1。studentslookneatandtidy。1。uniformsareexpensive。

    2。thepublicknowswhichschoolyouarefrom。2。childrengrowfast,neednewuniforms。

    3。parentsallpaythesamemoney。3。someuniformsareveryuncomfortable。

    4。studentsdon’tworryaboutfashions。4。studentsalllookthesame,can’tbeindividuals。

    5。teacherscanidentifystudentsonschooltrips。5。getboredwithsameclotheseveryday。

    6。gooddisciplineforstudents。

    2说广告(aboutadvertisement)。

    提示:有人说广告在现代社会是很重要,有人认为广告的促销成分太多,你认为

    3。“两者选一”观点的议论文模式

    模式1:a、b两者优劣势分析,要么选a,要么选b。

    introduction

    第1段:somepeopleholdtheopinionthat(a)issuperiorto(b)inmanyways。others,however,arguethat(b)ismuchbetter。personally,iwouldprefer(a)becauseithink(a)hasmoreadvantages。

    mainbody

    第2段:therearemanyreasonswhyiprefer(a)。themainreasonisthat…anotherreasonisthat…(赞同a的原因)

    第3段:ofcourse,choosing(b)alsohasadvantagestosomeextent,(列出12个b的优势)

    conclusion

    第4段:butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,(a)ismuchbetterthan(b)。fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat…(总结观点)

    例文:whichisbetter?carsorbikes?

    somepeopleholdtheopinionthatprivatecarsaresuperiortobicyclesinmanyways。others,however,arguethatthebicycleismuchbetter。personally,iwouldprefertheuseofcarsbecauseithinkcarshavemoreadvantages。

    therearemanyreasonswhyiprefercars。themainreasonisthatcarsbringco女enienceandmobilitytotheowners。what’smore,acarisfarmorecomfortabletotravelin,especiallyinthechangeableweather。anotherreasonisthat,whenmorepeoplebuycars,theautomobileindustrywilldevelopmorequickly。thegrowthoftheautomobileindustrycanmotivatetheriseofotherrelatedindustriessuchasironandsteelproduction。

    ofcourse,bicyclescantakeyoutoanywhereyoulikeintownanddoesnotneedalargeparkingplace。besides,itisnotasexpensiveasacarandthereforeeveryfamilycanaffordtobuy。

    butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,carsaremuchbetterthanbicycles。fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthatpeoplecanlivebetterwiththeuseofcars。

    模式2:a、b优势相当,依情况而定,有条件地选择a或b。

    introduction

    第1段:whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetween(a)and(b)?beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison。

    mainbody

    第2段:itistruethat(选择a的优势之一)。itisalsotruethat(选择a的优势之二)。but(选择a的劣势)。

    第3段:though。(选择b的劣势),(选择b的优势之一)。furthermore,(选择b的优势之二)。

    conclusion

    第4段:therefore,ifyou…,youshouldchoose(a),butifyou…,youshouldchoose(b)。(总结观点,提出建议)

    例文:listeningtotheradioorreadingthenewspapers?

    whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetweenlisteningtotheradioandreadingthenewspapers?beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison。

    itistruethatlisteningtotheradioisquickandco女enient。itisalsotruethatwecanlistentotheradiowhilearedoingsomethingelse。sowecansavealotoftime。butradioprogramshavetheirowntimeschedule。youcannotgettheinformationyouneedeverytimeyouturnonyourradio。

    thoughnewspapersarenotasquickasradio,readingfromthenewspapercancertainlybringusnewsmoreclearlyandmoreexactly。furthermore,whilereading,wehavetimetothinkaboutwhatwearereading,tojudgeit,toanalyzeit,andthenwewillbemoreawareofitscauseandeffect。

    wearelivinginaninformationage。wehavetomakefulluseoftheinformationwecangetifwearetoachieveourgoals。

    therefore,ifwewanttogetthelatestnews,wecanlistentotheradio,butifwewanttogettheexactwords,we’dbetterreadthenewspaper。

    写作练习:

    1健康与财富(healthandwealth)

    提示:健康与财富哪个更重要一直是一个热门话题(hottopic),请简述你的观点。

    2哪里住更好(wheretolive?)

    提示:有的人喜欢往城里挤,有的人喜欢往乡下搬。各有所好,孰是孰非,你以为如何?

    参考文献:

    1。oxfordenglishforseniorhighschoolstudents(shanghaiedition),oxforduniversitypress,1996。

    2。王长喜十二句法,王长喜,北京:中国社会出版社,xx。7

    3。英语高分指导。写作。高中卷,郭凤高,第二版,上海:上海交通大学出版社,xx

    4。高考英语作文直通车,曹越宇,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,xx

    附录(appendix):

    一、写作常用逻辑衔接词

    根据衔接词本身在文章中所起的作用,主要分为以下四类,即“起”“承”“转”“合”。

    1。表示“起”的常用词语。用于开篇引出扩展句。

    atfirst

    atpresent

    currently

    first(ly)

    inthebeginning

    tobeginwith

    firstofall

    inthefirstplace

    lately

    tostartwith

    now

    2。有关“承”的常用词语。用来承接上文,表递进。

    after/afterthat/afterwards

    afterafewdays

    afterawhile

    also/too

    atanyrate

    atthesametime

    besides

    furthermore

    inaddition

    inadditionto

    infact

    inotherwords

    inparticular

    particularly

    inthesameway

    incidentally

    indeed

    meanwhile

    moreover

    nodoubt

    obviously

    ofcourse

    3。有关“转”的常用词语。用来表示不同或相反的意思。

    afteralleventhough

    allthetimenevertheless

    anywaynonetheless

    atthesametimestill

    co女erselyinfact

    in/bycontrastasamatteroffact

    despiteespecially

    fortunatelyhowever

    inspiteofluckily

    though/althoughnodoubt

    onthecontraryotherwise

    unfortunatelyunlike

    whereasyet

    4。有关“合”的常用词语。用于小结上文或结束本段落的内容。

    aboveallinsum

    accordinglyinsummary

    asaconsequenceonthewhole

    asaresulttherefore

    ashasbeennotedthus

    asihavesaidtospeakfrankly

    atlasttosumup

    atlengthtosummarize

    brieflysurely

    bydoingsotoconclude

    consequentlynodoubt

    eventuallyundoubtedly

    finallydoubtless

    hencetruly

    inbriefso

    inconclusionobviously

    inshortcertainly

    allinall